Do you find yourself emptying your wallet every semester for costly course packets? Did you ever angrily speculate that, as part of the public domain, you should be allowed free access to your materials? Scholar and writer Lewis Hyde, a fellow at Harvard’s Berkman Center for Internet and Society, gave a talk recently to discuss the reclamation of fair use rights and to brainstorm on what educators should do to lobby on behalf of their fair use rights.
According to Hyde, fair use regulations came into being centuries ago to benefit the public good. “This concern began to shift to a focus on the commercial good with Justice Joseph Story following the case of Folsom v. March in 1841,” said Hyde. “The question of free speech versus the ownership of ideas began to be scrutinized….fair use as a concept comes from the spreading range of copyright control.” However, the fair use defense of copyright infringement was not formally codified until 130 years later under section 107 of the 1976 Act. When considering fair use of an original work, the user should take into account (1) the purpose and character of use; (2) the nature of copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; (4) and the effect of use upon the market or potential market for the original work.
“The problem here of course is the vagueness of these guidelines,” said Hyde. “There’s no distinction between derivative works such as translations and transformative works, which mark a departure from the original work.” Hyde explained the that, for scholars and teachers, infringement has little meaning. “The doctrine is too general, and where it is specific, it’s too specific for application.”
The real question then is how to adopt educator-developed practices of fair use. After weighing the abolition of fair use and the implementation of further guidelines, Hyde proposed developing a system of best practices by convening communities of scholars to discuss normative use. “There needs to be a research phase to identify the problems and limits of fair use…culminating in a publication that articulates the case of the community in question.” Hyde insisted that this system would allow educators, musicians, and authors, among many others, to return to their professional norms in determining right and wrong fair use behavior. “The publication must then be taken to adjudicators to ensure that it is in line with current legal practices… and then the community conducts outreach.”
“Educational fair rights use has been eroded,” concluded Hyde. “Now is the time to return to the mission of higher learning and the dissemination of knowledge.”