This post comes to us from Anand Goel, Assistant Professor of Finance at DePaul University, and Anjan Thakor, the John E. Simon Professor of Finance and a Senior Associate Dean at Washington University in St. Louis.

In our paper, Do Envious CEOs Cause Merger Waves?, which was recently accepted for publication in the Review of Financial Studies, we develop a theory which shows that merger waves can arise even when the shocks that precipitated the initial mergers in the wave are idiosyncratic.

We start with a simple premise: CEOs have preferences defined over both absolute and relative consumption, with relative-consumption preferences characterized by envy. Whenever we refer to a CEO, we mean the CEO of a bidding firm, and by envy, we mean that an individual’s utility is increasing in the difference between his consumption and that of the person he envies. There is now a large literature on the biological, sociological, and economic foundations for envy-based preferences, and substantial empirical evidence that preferences display envy. Assuming envy-based preferences generates a simple yet powerful intuition for why mergers come in waves. If CEOs envy each other based on relative compensation and CEOs of bigger firms get paid more, then a merger in the industry that increases firm size for one CEO will cause other envious CEOs to be tempted to undertake value-dissipating but size-enhancing acquisitions, thereby starting a merger wave.

…continue reading: Do Envious CEOs Cause Merger Waves?

This post is an interview conducted by Francis H. Byrd, Managing Director and Corporate Governance Advisory Practice Co-Leader at the Altman Group, with Holly Gregory, Corporate Partner specializing in corporate governance at Weil, Gotshal & Manges, LLP. It is based on articles from the Altman Group’s “Governance & Proxy Review”, available here and here.

This week we bring you the second interview our “The Altman Interview” series where we speak with top experts and thought-leaders having an impact on corporate governance. Our interview with attorney Holly J. Gregory covers 10 questions on hot button issues for 2010.

Ms. Gregory is a well-known and highly respected figure in the world of corporate governance. As a partner at Weil, Gotshal & Manges, Ms. Gregory counsels corporate directors, executives and investors on the full range of governance issues and best practices. She played a key role in drafting the OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and advised the Internal Market Directorate of the European Commission on corporate governance regulation. Ms. Gregory has also served as an advisor to the World Bank and the joint OECD/World Bank Global Corporate Governance Forum on governance policy for developing and emerging markets.

In addition to her legal practice, Ms. Gregory has helped organize governance-related programs for the SEC, OECD, World Bank, Yale’s Millstein Center for Corporate Governance and Performance, Transparency International and Columbia University School of Law’s Institutional Investor Project.

…continue reading: How Recent Proxy Changes Will Affect the Corporate Landscape

(Editor’s Note: This post is an abridged version of a Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP client memorandum, excluding footnotes; the complete memorandum is available here.)

Securities analysts play a key role in securities markets, and publicly held companies as a matter of market practice regularly brief them to help them understand company results and business trends. There have been some unfortunate instances, however, in which analysts have received nonpublic information on which their clients have acted before the information was disclosed to the general public. In the wake of these cases, as well as Enron and the unanticipated and significant decline in the financial position of other public companies, the role of the securities analyst was scrutinized by Congress, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), state regulators and various self-regulatory organizations. The result was a heightened campaign against selective disclosure, facilitated by the SEC’s adoption of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) in 2000.

Although the number of Regulation FD cases has diminished in recent years, this is perhaps because compliance has become deeply ingrained in market participants. Nonetheless, given the potential for SEC enforcement action, as well as insider trading litigation, ongoing vigilance in this domain is certainly warranted. A memorandum prepared by Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton LLP (available here) sets out guidelines for communications between management and securities analysts in light of applicable case law and the SEC’s Regulation FD. A summary of the guidelines is included below.

…continue reading: Communications with Financial Analysts and Related Disclosure Issues

Charles M. Nathan is a corporate partner at Latham & Watkins LLP and Global Co-Chair of the firm’s Mergers and Acquisitions Group.This post comes is based on a Latham & Watkins LLP client memorandum by James D.C. Barrall, Bradd L. Williamson and Allegra C. Wiles.

Policy Drivers in the Current Environment — As public companies, Boards and Compensation Committees begin to make year-end 2009 compensation decisions, draft proxies for their 2010 shareholder meetings and design 2010 executive compensation plans, they face many challenges caused by the uncertain economic environment, limited visibility for future business prospects, public anger over executive compensation and increased activity by proxy advisors, institutional shareholders and corporate activists, as well as looming legislative and regulatory changes aimed at executive compensation and related corporate governance.

TARP Participants and Banks — The more than 300 TARP participants are dealing with stringent new compensation limits imposed by Kenneth Feinberg, the Special Master for TARP Executive Compensation. All banks regulated by the Federal Reserve (the Fed) will be required to review their incentive compensation arrangements and governance processes relative to risk under the Fed’s unprecedented pay guidelines and review policies.

Other Companies — For companies outside of TARP and the financial sector, thankfully there is now a lull in the storm over executive compensation which gives them an opportunity to survey the scene and take deliberate steps to review compensation programs and improve governance processes heading into 2010 and also plan for the likely “say on pay” vote in 2011.

…continue reading: Executive Compensation for the 2009-2010 Season

Recently, in the Mergers and Acquisitions course at Harvard Law School, three preeminent M&A practitioners discussed the Merger Agreement as a Contract with Vice Chancellor Leo Strine, Jr., who teaches the class. The panelists were Rick Climan, a partner in the Mergers and Acquisitions group at Dewey & LeBoeuf LLP; Faiza Saeed, a partner in the Corporate Department of Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP; and Kim Rucker, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Avon Products, Inc.

The panel went through the main parts of an acquisition agreement, including:

• Representations and warranties;
• Disclosure schedules (”The power is in the disclosure schedules”, remarked Kim);
• Pre-closing covenants that apply between signing and closing, including the strength of covenants and the difference between covenants and closing conditions;
• Closing conditions, the standards to which they must be met, and the risk of a deal failing to close.  Faiza gave the example of the breakdown of the General Electric-Honeywell transaction, which led to a discussion of regulatory risks and their effect on the transaction, and the consequent standards of covenants to obtain necessary consents, such as “hell-or-high-water” provisions.

…continue reading: The Merger Agreement as a Contract

This post comes to us from Eric Helland of Claremont McKenna College and Jonathan Klick of the University of Pennsylvania Law School.

Regulation and litigation do not occur in isolation. In almost every case of a harm which leads to litigation some regulatory agency had initially monitored the activity that lead to the harm. Thus pharmaceutical litigation does not occur in isolation of the FDA and auto accident litigation does not occur in isolation of the enforcement of traffic laws. While this point may seem obvious it has important implications of the design of regulatory systems as well as limitations placed on the ability of potential plaintiffs to seek redress using the civil justice system. In a series of papers Steve Shavell (“A Model of the Optimal Use of Liability and Safety Regulation.” RAND Journal of Economics, 1984 and. “Liability for Harm Versus Regulation of Safety.” Journal of Legal Studies, 1984) examines the tradeoff between regulation and litigation. The basic intuition is that litigation maybe a substitute or a complement to regulation. In the case of substitutes we would expect that an increase in regulation reduces the need for litigation at least at the margin.

In a new paper, The Relation between Regulation and Class Actions: Evidence from the Insurance Industry, which we recently presented at the Law and Economics seminar at Harvard Law School, we investigate the relationship between litigation and regulation, using a unique data source covering the experience of insurance companies with class action litigation. The dataset contains information on class actions against firms in the insurance industry from 1992 to 2002. We examine four different facets of the regulation litigation tradeoff. The first is to examine whether regulator’s interest in a particular cause of action reduces the likelihood that class actions covering this cause of action will be filed in the regulator’s home state. We examine several measures of regulatory stringency in the state to determine whether there is a substitution effect between regulatory action and litigation. We also examine whether class actions are less frequent when regulators issued an administrative decision on a particular issue previously or if there are no existing state laws on the particular issue. We examine the impact of electing judges on patterns of filing. The hypothesis is that elected judges are more sympathetic to plaintiffs and hence class actions are more likely to be filed in states that elect their judges. Lastly, we examine the impact of pervious litigation both in the state and the specific line of litigation.

…continue reading: Regulation and Class Actions

This post is a review of Robert Pozen’s recent book, “Too Big to Save: How to Fix the US Financial System” by Sean Cameron, MBA Candidate at Harvard Business School.

Bob Pozen’s book, Too Big to Save: How to Fix the US Financial System is one of the most important books on financial reform written to date. The book not only provides an overview of how the US economy entered into a deep recession, but also a comprehensive plan for reform and a return to growth. Filled with original insight, the book clearly explains the failure of our modern capitalist society that has morphed into one-way capitalism that penalizes taxpayers who do not participate in upside gains but are exposed to losses from bailed out financial institutions. The book offers pragmatic advice for policymakers and important guidelines for all readers to understand the nature, causes, and appropriate reforms associated with the current US financial crisis. There has not been a more timely and important book written this decade.

Furthermore, Bob Pozen approaches each potential idea of reform with a well-reasoned perspective on the legal, economic, political and cultural implications of such reform. Pozen has a unique ability to describe complex phenomona such as the housing boom and bust and explosive growth in the use and complexity of financial derivatives with ease. His grasp of the complex issues is second to none, and his ability to convey these complex ideas in easily understandable, succinct prose is remarkable. Pozen’s suggestions for reform – including reducing moral hazard problems, strengthening boards, and improving the regulatory system – present feasible, necessary steps that policymakers must heed to improve financial markets and the real economy.

…continue reading: Too Big to Save: How to Fix the US Financial System

Annette Nazareth is a partner in the Financial Institutions Group at Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP. This post is based on a Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP client memorandum by Ms. Nazareth together with Donald Bernstein, Luigi De Ghenghi, John Douglas, Randall Guynn, Arthur Long, Margaret Tahyar and Reena Agrawal Sahni.  The memorandum, including an appendix table summarizing the key differences between the resolution of assets and claims under the Bankruptcy Code and under the House’s draft bill, is available here.

The legislative season for financial regulatory reform is now in full swing. In the last two weeks, the leadership of the House Financial Services Committee and Treasury have jointly proposed a revised version of the Obama Administration proposals of last summer. Thereafter, the House Financial Services Committee began to amend the proposal, titled the Financial Stability Improvement Act of 2009, and the Chairman of the Committee, Representative Barney Frank (D-MA), has made clear that further changes will be made next week. This week, Senator Christopher Dodd (D-CT), Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee, released his own competing discussion draft of regulatory reform, entitled the Restoring American Financial Stability Act of 2009.

This memorandum analyzes the resolution provisions in the House Interim Version (by which we mean the House Financial Services Committee’s version as of November 6, 2009). We also identify any significant differences between the House Interim Version and the Senate Banking Committee’s discussion draft. This memorandum focuses on the key issues raised by the resolution of financial companies that could, in the future, be deemed to be systemically important. While the proposed resolution authority is only one of several regulatory restructuring proposals under consideration both in the United States and abroad, we view it as the most technically challenging. It is also key to many other reforms since it will be at the core of the political compromise around the knotty problems of “too big to fail,” moral hazard, and the global interconnectedness of highly leveraged institutions.

…continue reading: The House and Senate Debate Resolution Authority

This post comes to us from Mark Lebovitch and Laura Gundersheim. Mark Lebovitch is a partner at Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP, where he is primarily responsible for the firm’s corporate governance litigation practice. Laura Gundersheim is an associate at Bernstein Litowitz Berger & Grossmann LLP.

One of the fundamental tenets of market capitalism is the freedom of willing buyers and willing sellers to transact business. Ironically, this basic rule does not apply in the world of corporate mergers and acquisitions. Because of so-called “poison pills,” corporate mergers and acquisitions effectively require the support of the target company’s board of directors. Based on massive value losses from withdrawn tender offers a result of poison pills in the last few years, we suggest that it is time to revisit the broad judicial deference that has allowed directors to use poison pills to stand between bidders and stockholders indefinitely.

Poison pills emerged in the 1980s as a solution to corporate raiders use of “two-tiered” tender offers to coerce shareholders into tendering their shares for unfair prices. In Moran v. Household Int’l Inc., the Delaware Supreme Court upheld directors’ power to use this powerful defensive device, but with conditions. The Court seemingly tied its validation of the poison pill on two points: (1) a board’s decision to keep a pill in place is always subject to fiduciary duties (and therefore open to judicial review) and (2) if shareholders do not like how a board is using the pill, the shareholders preserve their ability to remove the directors from their jobs by running a proxy fight.

…continue reading: The Wrong Prescription? Revisiting the Justification for Poison Pills

Robert Monks, a legendary shareholder activist and founder of ISS (which was later acquired by RiskMetrics) and the Corporate Library, recently gave a talk as part of the Shareholder Activism course here at Harvard Law School about the past, the present, and the future of shareholder activism.

Mr. Monks began his talk by emphasizing the importance of shareholders. He noted that in the absence of having an informed, motivated and powerful counter force to management, the corporation will always have the problem of autocrat who is answerable to no-one. The capital markets generate tremendous wealth. The key issue is who is entitled to this wealth.

Mr. Monks discussed his past experience with Sears Roebuck, where he submitted himself as a nominee for director, and Exxon Mobil, where he filed proposals to separate the chairman and CEO roles. Throughout this discussion, he noted that the current system is in need of serious reform, in part because of the asymmetry of resources available to the company compared with the activist shareholder. Mr. Monks also discussed his proposal for a mandatory rule that gives 5% of the shareholders the right to call a special meeting at which a majority of the shareholders present can remove any or all of directors with or without cause.

The student questions covered a broad range of topics, from whether increased litigation would lead to more activism or more reliance on ISS voting guidelines, to the desirability of government versus private sector employment.

Background materials about Mr. Monks and his talk are available here. A video of the talk is available here (Quicktime .mov format).