Home Is Where The Heart Dwells

October 31, 2006

一个城市的历史

Filed under: China,中文 — Rui Guo @ 4:58 pm

阅读这些文字的时候,仿佛踏进了时间的巨流:人、事、名、利、兴、衰,一桩桩、一件件,不时翻出浪花。

……


开皇十六年(596)
析某某县西陲,仙源县东北境置人间县。因县境东北有汉建古人间(以汾孔二河交流之处得名,位于今古人间镇城底)故名。 (more…)

The Origin of Popular Calumnies of Christianity in China

Filed under: China,Comments,In English — Rui Guo @ 10:54 am

The Origin of Popular Calumnies of Christianity in China

Arthur H. Smith: China in Convulsion, vol. 1, page 78, Fleming H. Revell Company (1901).

 

At the Missionary Conference held at Shanghai in the spring of 1890, the Rev. Timothy Richard called attention t the recent republication of a collection of documents on Chinese state questions, in 120 books, originally published in 1826, to which a supplement was added of the same number of books in 1888. These were in the catalogue of works for sale in the government bookshops, and consisted of various important memorials which had been presented to high officials, or to the Throne, and also of essays upon topics of public importance, edited with numerous comments and sundry additions, the whole forming a unique and important collection. Mr. Richard styled them the “Blue-books of China,” a somewhat inaccurate and misleading term, since it might give rise to the supposition that the papers are official reports, which is not the case. Two books of the supplement are devoted to the subject of Christian missions, and outline of which is given by Mr. Richard in all the popular calumnies of Christianity—the tales about scooping out the eyes of converts who had previously been bewitched, the miscellaneous associations of men and women in the churches, the bad character of the French priests, and much which it is impossible to put into print. The account of Christian doctrines was merely a parody, comprising fragments of Brahmanism, Buddhism, Mohammedanism, and the teaching of the Secret Sects of China. The practical object f the documents appeared in an appended account of anti-foreign risings in two hostile provinces, where the opposition was organized by an ex-provincial judge and by a Hanlin, who called on the gentry to stamp out the vile doctrines of Christianity from among them.

October 21, 2006

Hostages

Filed under: In English,Joke — Rui Guo @ 4:23 pm

Terrorists had siezed the “Attorney Building” along with everyone in it. They are demanding $10 Million, but the negotiations break down as the deadline appears. The terrorists announce to the police, “In case you think we’re not serious, if our demands aren’t met, we’re going to start releasing the lawyers, one at a time.”

October 20, 2006

“Secular” Branch of the Lemon Tree

Filed under: Comments,In English — Rui Guo @ 2:39 pm

If the question is whether some people will feel oppressed for the display of Ten Commandments, no display with any religious reference is possible. The word “secular” actually just mean “acceptable”, or more specifically, “acceptable” to the court and people it protects.

The methodology is contradictory. If the primary purpose is to protect the silent minority, or if what the court struggles with is just among the individuals the court tries to treat equally and protect intentionally, how many individuals could qualify being protected by the court? How does the court respond to one person, claimed to be oppressed and asked for judicial scrutiny? (One extreme of the spectrum) 

If the primary purpose is for the group with members does not fit to the “standard type”, the court can not circumvent the question of political discretion.  

 

October 11, 2006

On the New Millennium Plan of Chinese CP Leader

Filed under: China,comments on news,In English — Rui Guo @ 9:21 am

Obviously the “harmonious society” is a term of euphemism to emphasize pacifying possible rebellious intentions against the ruling party. And the party has correctly identified one of the sources where such intentions come from: inequality, or another word, the gap between rich and poor. The question is, whether it is possible for the New Millennium Plan to narrow the gap. (more…)

October 10, 2006

Incredible Wording Game

Filed under: Comments,In English,life — Rui Guo @ 11:16 pm

A bunch of leading corporate lawyers were invited to the M&A class by Vice Chancellor Strine, in order to explain the merger contract clauses to us. I was struck by their skill of playing with words. For them, it is truly “life is like a law school examination everyday”. i.e. Accuracy of Representations could be written as:

Each of Target’s representations and warranties shall have been accurate in all material respects as of the date of this Agreement and shall be accurate in all material respects as of the Closing Date.

How do you like it? — It may well be the following:

Target’s representations and warranties shall be accurate in all material respects as of the Closing Date as if made on and as of the Closing Date (except for any representation or warranty that, by its terms, is made as of the date of this Agreement or as of an earlier specified date, which need only be accurate in all material respects as of such date); provided, however, that any inaccuracies in such representations and warranties shall be disregarded unless such inaccuracies have a Material Adverse Effect on Target.

What has been done seems to me just added some cliché and a vague MAE clause. But the real effect, as Judge Strine put it, is replacing everything with MAE, which is hard to prove and subject to judicial discretion.

October 9, 2006

Protected: 机械设计论和休谟的质疑

Filed under: Comments,中文 — Rui Guo @ 2:16 pm

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October 7, 2006

Puzzle of “Law and Literature” Project in China

Filed under: China,Comments,In English — Rui Guo @ 1:34 pm

Background:

a. what has been imported to China is not the US “Law and Literature” methodology, but a glimpse of such stuff as Posner’s textbook, one or two research papers, etc.

b. no real discussion thanks to the delicate propaganda control.

c. yet very politicized discussion based on one or two pieces, such as Antigone (Sophocles).

October 6, 2006

林毓生:论台湾民主发展的形式、实质、与前景──为纪念殷海光先生逝世三十三周年而作

Filed under: China,reading,中文 — Rui Guo @ 10:49 am

林毓生:论台湾民主发展的形式、实质、与前景
──为纪念殷海光先生逝世三十三周年而作

… …
李登辉主政了12年。他最对不起台湾人民的是:他没有善用那样长的主政时间,领导台湾进行深刻的民主改造,为真正的民主体制、民主文化奠立根基。十八世纪法国启蒙思想家孟德斯鸠曾说:「当社会最初诞生之时,制度经由领袖而产生;後来,领袖经由制度而产生。」蒋经国逝世之後,民主的政治社会是有可能在台湾诞生的。李登辉在权力巩固以後,事实上是有足够的权力与地位来推动民主的基础建设工作。然而,他毕竟受到蒋氏政权「私性政治」的濡染太深;因此,胸襟不大、格调不高,而他的政治知识则是日本右派式的,现在看来,当时希望他能够成为孟德斯鸠笔下「产生」制度的领袖人物,只是一个幻想而已。 (more…)

布鲁斯.阿克曼:(哈佛法学院霍姆斯讲座)《生生不息之宪法》

Filed under: Comments,中文 — Rui Guo @ 8:23 am

《生生不息之宪法》

布鲁斯.阿克曼,哈佛法学院霍姆斯讲座

20061035

阿克曼受邀主讲哈佛法学院2006Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture 可谓是名至实归。Holmes讲座由霍姆斯大法官亲自创建,意在延请哈佛法学院以外的大师学者,并不规定举办日期,以有足够资格的学者演讲为条件举行。例如,本次讲座与前次相隔三年,而更前一届则相隔四年。过去声誉卓著的演讲人,包括凯尔森、汉德法官等,而近来则请过波斯那、德沃金、桑斯坦等知名学者。故此,该讲座人称法学家之“至圣所”(Holy of Holy, 引阿克曼教授讲座中言)。阿克曼教授今次受邀,按照哈佛法学院Kagen院长的说法,是以耶鲁法学院有史以来最伟大的学者、当代最富思想洞察力的宪法教授身份(Kagen院长加了一句,也许该说哈佛教授们之外,因为他们不能登临这个讲坛)。

耶鲁伟大学者云云,出自哈佛法学院院长之口,或许不确,但耶鲁法学院院长头天亲临助阵,亦有不少耶鲁的教授、学生不辞跋涉之苦前来,至少对此是个有力的旁注;而于阿克曼在宪法上的成就,我想不会有谁提出异议。阿克曼自1969年开始在宾大任教,除1982年至1987年短暂栖身哥大外,其他时间都担任耶鲁政治和法律教授,其大作两卷本《我们人民》,早已成为当代经典。《我们人民》的书名,出自美国宪法的开篇语:“我们,美利坚合众国的人民,为了组织一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内的安宁,建立共同的国防,增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福,乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。”(译文引自美国驻华大使馆网站)书名选用这个在历史上振聋发聩的词语,我想是因为它对教授主张简明有力的概括:教授最引人注目的主张是在宪法上复兴人民主权。该书在当代影响巨大,Holmes前任讲座学者森斯坦曾撰文盛赞该书是对美国宪法思想作出最重要贡献的著作之一。

这次讲座以“生生不息之宪法”(Living Constitution)命名。第一天的内容就不同凡响,阿克曼教授提出,当今所谓宪法内容必须重新定义。

讲座伊始,教授直接以一个故事切入主题:某日美国国务院电话突至,邀其向中东某国王子阿尔法拉比讲授美国宪法,教授欣然前往;王子听过三日讲座后,自认为已经了解了美国宪法精义,欲牛刀小试一番;教授许其解释权利法案以后之宪法修正案,结果发现王子字面解释的结果会让任何一个美国人惊愕。惊愕之余,教授反思,失却了历史背景,美国宪法可还是众人常识里的美国宪法吗?于是,教授提出,宪法不应限于文本,而应扩张为包含美国重大历史转折之法令、宪法成例等内容的宪法典文(constitutional canon)。教授例举南北战争、民权运动对宪法条文意义的影响,论证今天法院、学者、律师对宪法的理解都并非死抠条文文本,而是都已经不自觉地吸纳了文本之外的内容。既如此,何须死守这五十二条、二十七个修正案呢?采纳文本之外宪法内容的宪法典文,将不再受限于单薄之文本,而是真正与宪法运行的现实相符。

第一天的讲座引来了很多疑问,质询最多的内容是,引入宪法典文的新概念,是否真正有助于现实的宪法解释问题:解释这个五十二条、二十七个修正案已经有这么多麻烦了,再添加别的内容,不是雪上加霜吗?再则,即使承认宪法典文这个概念,在文本之外这么多判例、法令,哪些算是、哪些不算呢?阿克曼的回答不紧不慢:现在所谓的解释宪法,本来也不是仅仅解释条文嘛,引入现在解释宪法已经依据的内容入宪,不过是为它正名而已。至于哪些可以入宪,需要具体分析,明日再说。

第二天教授接着用一个例子具体讲实践中的宪法典文概念,举的例子是民权运动如何改变了宪法典文:布朗诉教育委员会案件虽然今天在宪法里地位非比寻常,但在当时不过是宪法即将变革发出的信号而已;马丁.路德.金博士领导的民权运动,结合着可能出于自利目的而大张旗鼓的媒体力量,在政治领域发挥了奇效;大力推进的民权运动的肯尼迪总统遇刺后,运动反而获得了更大的关注;而继任的约翰逊总统则令人吃惊地继续推动民权运动且不遗余力。所有这充满了偶然的事件,终于汇集了人民的意志,形成了民权法案以及完成了一系列宪法上的巨大变迁。

第三天的内容相当于前两天内容的总结。教授一开头就列出了两个对宪法的传统譬喻:宪法是个机器、还是有机体?认为是机器云云,其实是吧宪法当作已经设计好的一套权利制衡制度,后来人只需要坚持适用而已;认为是有机体,则是主张制定新规则以便适应现在这个变化了的世界,至于一群奴隶主和乡下人制定的规则,不必理会就是了。教授直言,两个譬喻都不确。教授提出,宪法应是一个基于人民的不断创造而生生不息的体制。如果认为宪法是机器,就是虚伪地无视国家再造(reconstruction)、南北战争(civil war)、民权运动(civil right movement)、新政(new deal)等对宪法的实质性影响;如果认为宪法是有机体,则降低了宪法的品味,忽视了美国传统中积淀的人民智慧。

窃以为,理解教授所说的这个“生生不息的宪法”,恐怕需要参考教授创制的术语“制宪时刻”(constitutional moment)。制宪时刻强调的是,人民在某一满足特定条件的时期会表现出超常的理性与克制,并将处理特定问题的智慧凝结为宪法共识,从而完成制宪。这使得对上述机器、有机体二譬喻的反驳变得可能。机器说实际是所谓原意解释的主张,有机体说则是长久以来有人意欲将宪法降格为一般法的挑战。对第一种主张,阿克曼教授教授认为是缺乏常识,也是对美国人民不断应对挑战、发展宪法的功绩的蔑视。对第二种主张,教授强调宪法并非日常政治所产生的普通法律可比,因为日常政治里人民的意志常常被政客、媒体等庸俗力量歪曲,而在制宪时刻,人民因特定条件的满足而得以汇集智慧、形成意志,恰如民权运动时期人民通过各种途径表达了声音完成宪法实质修正一样。

三天的演讲,令人回味无穷。法大张守东教授言,阿克曼教授的主张之于宪法理论,恰如罗尔斯的学说之于政治学、德沃金思想之于法理学,都是对当代美国理论和现实危机的回应。阿克曼教授的宪法理论乍一看来似无多少建树,仔细看却处处用心良苦。例如,在回应宪法秩序为何高于日常政治的问题上,阿克曼教授诉诸人民得以凝聚智慧的条件,从而把宪政共识抬升到肮脏的政治算计、党派交易之上;在回应司法审查为何可以超越国会立法的问题上,教授以人民意志在时间、空间上的超越性和司法机构在探询人民意志方面的技能和品格做答。这些都既是宪法理论的长期难点,也是现实司法过程中的薄弱环节。

阿克曼教授的理论的过人之处,在于其将人民主权赋予实质内容的努力。于国人借鉴之处,在我看来有两个方面。其一,我们的法律理论中提及类似概念之处,多流于口号形式;而过去政府以党的政策、文件代替法律的历史,更导致了今天人们对宏大理论的一般反感,而阿克曼教授告诉我们,所谓人民在关键时刻会站起来有所行动,并非只是停留在美国宪法纸面上的东西,而是真真实实的发生在美国的历史上、也会在以后合适的时候重新出现。研究我国宪法的同仁,是否考虑过我们的理论里也存在相似的可能性?其二,在宪法中最为重要的不是文本,而是在宪法文本背后、据以解释宪法并发挥着实际效力的宪法共识。缺乏宪政共识的情况下,无论谈法治、违宪审查还是宪法的司法化等等,都是空话。而在实际司法过程中遇到的问题,也会因没有宪法共识身处而进退维谷的尴尬境地(参见拙文《“挂靠”企业的历史和语法》对法院裁判改制企业财产纠纷问题的分析)。在当下谈中国的宪政和法治,要问的问题是,我们现在有没有宪法共识——若有,究竟是通过何种形式形成的;若无,将来人民会以什么方式达成宪法共识?

注:布鲁斯.阿克曼教授的理论有关讨论,可参见汪庆华《宪法与人民——布鲁斯·阿克曼的二元主义宪政理论》,《政法论坛》2005年第6期。 &BigClassID=19&SmallClassID=23&SpecialID=0 文中提及拙文,见郭锐:《“挂靠”企业的历史和语法》,《洪范评论》学刊第1卷第1辑。www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/wk_wzdetails.asp?id=5405

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