Home Is Where The Heart Dwells

April 27, 2009

陈志武:美国往事

Filed under: in Chinese, reading, 中文 — Rui Guo @ 11:20 pm

【陈教授文章写得漂亮,只是有一点似乎没有讲清楚。陈教授认为,美国建国之初负债累累,后来通过建立现代财政、金融制度发展得富裕强大,秘诀在于美国政府的贫穷逼得美国不得不建立这些制度。陈教授得出的结论是“有利于催生民主法治发展的格局包括许多方面,一是‘政府穷民间富’,另一个是国债金融市场。负债累累的政府是一个权力难以扩张的政府。”

陈教授讲的历史事实似乎不足以支持这个一般性的结论。政府之穷到底在多大程度上成为制度创新的前提?恐怕美国一个例子不足以证明一般。另外,十八、十九世纪美国的成功案例能否成为当代效法的对象呢?在当代,拉美国家几乎无一不穷,却没有几个实现了制度创新;非洲很多负债累累的政府同时却是权力膨胀、腐败泛滥的温床,哪里见”权力难以扩张“的影子?

让我们对陈教授一般性结论稍加推演。如果“政府穷民间富”是向民主制度方向变迁的前提,似乎1970年代末中国政府的穷困可看作经济改革诞生的前提。不消说,这个看法至少过分简单。把经济改革看作是政府为支撑经济不得不为,忽视了建立在集权基础上中国政治生态,也忽略了意识形态变迁的巨大影响。

妄谈一番,看官见谅。】

美国往事

经济观察报 陈志武/文

两年半前,我在《治国的金融之道》一文中谈到这样一个事实:

“如果把公元1600年时的国家分成两组,一组是国库深藏万宝的国家,像明朝中国藏银1250万两、印度国库藏金6200万块、土耳其帝国藏金 1600万块、日本朝廷存金1030万块,另一组负债累累,如当时的西班牙、英国、法国、荷兰、意大利城邦,那么,从四百年前到十九、二十世纪,哪组国家 发展得更好呢?当年国库藏金万贯的,除日本于十九世纪后期通过 ‘明治维新’改变其命运外,到今天还都是发展中国家,而当时负债累累的国家,今天基本是既民主法治,又经济发达。”

在当前金融危机之下,重新回味那篇文章以及其中的故事和逻辑,意义具体又特殊。为什么当年负债累累的国家后来得到了良性发展,并根植出 民主、法治与繁荣,而那些政府富有的国家后来却停滞不前,甚至走向衰败?为什么不管是过去还是今天,一国的民主法治似乎与其政府负债水平高度相关——借钱 花的国家反而比最大化存钱的国家,更能催生出某种制度? (more…)

April 22, 2009

乔治.奥威尔《政治和英语》

Filed under: In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 12:03 am

George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language,” 1946


Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our language — so the argument runs — must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes.

Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step toward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concern of professional writers. I will come back to this presently, and I hope that by that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become clearer. Meanwhile, here are five specimens of the English language as it is now habitually written. (more…)

April 15, 2009

Thomas Pogge: 论罗尔斯两种正义论之间的不融贯

Filed under: in Chinese, reading, 中文 — Rui Guo @ 1:30 pm

 

论罗尔斯两种正义论之间的不融贯

Thomas Pogge

谢世民(中正大学哲学系)、吴瑞媛(清华大学哲学所)译

董玲审订

 

一、前言

约翰罗尔斯在《正义论》一书中,提出了一套国内正义论,用意在于为评价、设计和改革一个社会的制度秩序(基本结构),提供道德上的指引。1二十八年之后,罗尔斯出版了他的国际正义论:《万民法》。他把这部著作说成是国内正义论的延伸。

两部著作的关键都运用了思想实验,都藉助了一个想象的、由一群慎思明辨的理性人(或所谓的「协议者」)所组成的议坛(「原初场所」)。在国内正义论中,这些协议者代表个人,而且每个未来公民都有自己的代表;原初场所的设定则是在模拟人的自由与基本的平等关系。这些协议者的任务是去协议出一项公开的正义判准,以作为评比所有可行的基本结构之根据。在这过程中,这些协议者一方面要保护自己所代表的公民,维护他们的利益,但另一方面却隔着无知之幕,不知道这些个别公民的特征和处境。他们不知道自己所代表的公民有什么信仰、价值、品味、欲望和资质禀赋,甚至也不知道这些公民所在的社会目前处于什么样自然或历史环境,而在这种无知状态下,这些协议者必须对社会正义的公开判准达成同意。根据一连串复杂而严格的论证,罗尔斯试着去证明,这些协议者所会选择的,是一种自由主义式的公开判准,也就是他所倡议的、带有两项优先规则的正义两原则(TJ 266-7)。

在他的国际正义论中,罗尔斯以相当不同的方式去设定原初场所和操作他的思想实验。有四项差异引起我的注意。第一,慎思明辨的理性协议者代表各种民族,而非代表个人,因此国际的原初场所模拟的是,民族的自由与彼此的平等关系。第二,协议者所代表的对象,不是所有的民族,而是有选择性的,他们只代表生活在良序社会的民族,也就是那些依照自由主义的制度秩序来经营共同生活的民族,以及那些依照开明的或可接受的(decent)制度秩序来经营共同生活的民族,其余的民族(包括流氓国家、极度匮乏的社会、绝对王权的国家)则被排除在外,不具平等的地位,因此也没有受到同等的尊重和容忍(LP 4, 63)。第三,隔着稍薄一点的无知之幕,这些协议者知道他们所代表的,是实施自由制度的民族,还是实施开明制度的民族;因此,罗尔斯以两次思想实验分别去证明,自由制度民族的代表者彼此所同意的,和开明制度民族的代表者彼此所同意的,虽然独立达成,但会相同。第四,更重要的是,在国际的原初场所中,代表所被赋予的任务,和他们在国内的原初场所相比,有显著的差别:出乎大家的预料,他们的任务并不是去同意一项公开的判准,以作为评断、设计和改革国际制度秩序的根据,而是去同意一组良好行为的规则,以让参与合作的各个民族(相互期望彼此)去遵守。

这些差别都相当明显。我除了将讨论其中的第一项和最后一项之外,也将讨论一项较为不明显、但也很重要的差别。不过,先让我简要地评论一下这两种理论共同接受的、解答道德问题的一般理路、取向。

(more…)

April 12, 2009

On corporate ownership structure

Filed under: Chinese Corporations, In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 7:37 pm

When investor protection is strong, ownership concentration falls as firms age because firms can raise capital and grow, diluting blockholders in the process.

The evolution of corporate ownership after IPO: The impact of investor protection, by  Fritz Foley and Robin Greenwood of Harvard Business School. 

Qin Hui: Left and Right in China

Filed under: in Chinese, reading, 中文 — Rui Guo @ 7:25 pm

大陆的左派、右派名词来源与欧洲不同,在中国大陆,派别的划分都是以政府为参照系的。由于历史上政府一直是极左,因此在人们思想上有一个惯性:完全支持政府的就是极左,大部分支持政府的是左派,反对政府的是右派。可以说在九十年代之前,这种划分都是比较合理的。
    
但现在情况变了,大家都能看到。农民问题、失业工人问题、学生就业问题,基本上都是自由主义者提出来的。按常理,自由主义应该属于右翼阵营,对平等问题的关注较弱。但在国内,连他们都开始关注平等问题,表现得“左”了。说明目前的参照系已经偏向极右。
    
极左阵营一分为二。有一部分人停住了追随变革的脚步。如果说工人失业、资本家入党还可以被认为是“阵痛”和“权益之计”的话,国有资产的快速私有化却是令人心下雪亮。有些地区,在九十年代末,私有经济比重还只有百分之十几,但过了四五年,就上升到百分之五十到八十。这可不是什么私有经济的“优越性”,而是大家心知肚明的国有财产瓜分。私有经济再“优越”,也不可能几年就翻上几倍的。这些是目前坚持极左的“毛派”反对“邓派”的基础。
    
福布斯在二零零一年给出了中国富豪排行榜,中国大陆有形形色色的排行榜,但绝没有这张有用。中国公安们就按着这张排行榜一个个查下来,富豪们纷纷入狱。我可以一个个扳着指头数下来:在排行榜上位居第二的杨斌,通过奇迹性的行政“划拨”到3000亩土地获利七十多亿,贵为朝鲜特区行政长官的身份,在吉林被捕。在排行榜上位居第三的仰融,在华晨的权钱交谊中“栽了跟头”,入狱。不多举例,大伙也能知道是哪批人“先富起来”了。
    
极左分裂了,不少人可以归为极左与极右派系分裂。极左称为毛派,已经失去了实际的政治权力,转移到网上成为另一类反对派。现在有些网友看见极左派和右派都在批评政府,就想当然地认为执政者是中间派,其实不然。还有一点不能忽略的是:不少极左派系转型成为民族主义派系,我认为他们的转型是为了逃避面对国内现实问题。骂日本骂美国,多容易呀,多安全呀,也不需要什么判断力,中国做的就是对的呗!哪有谈国内问题那么难?

April 9, 2009

Risk versus Uncertainty: Frank Knight’s “Brute” Facts of Economic Life

Filed under: In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 11:25 pm
Risk versus Uncertainty: Frank Knight’s “Brute” Facts of Economic Life
Published on: Jun 07, 2006

Dr. William H. Janeway, Vice Chairman, Warburg Pincus, received his doctorate in economics from Cambridge University where he was a Marshall Scholar. He was Valedictorian of the Class of 1965 at Princeton University. Prior to joining Warburg Pincus in 1988, where he was responsible for building the Information Technology practice, he was Executive Vice President and Director at Eberstadt Fleming. Dr. Janeway is a director of BEA Systems, Manugistics, Scansoft and UGS. He is also a member of the board of directors of the Social Science Research Council and a member of the board of Trustees of Cambridge in America, University of Cambridge. He is a Founder Member of the Board of Managers of the Cambridge Endowment for Research in Finance (CERF).

“…there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; that is to say we know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns—the ones we don’t know we don’t know.”—Donald Rumsfeld

“Ah, what a dusty answer gets the soul, When hot for certainties in this our life”—George Meredith

Donald Rumsfeld’s characteristically idiosyncratic gloss on George Meredith’s existential meditation attracted derision across many constituencies. But Rumsfeld summarized a way of structuring our understanding of the world that has profound and immediate relevance. Most particularly, over the past generation, the application of increasingly powerful and sophisticated computerized statistical analysis has interacted with the work of theoreticians of finance to transform the capital markets in the U.S. and around the world. Our mastery of “known unknowns”—i.e., well-defined probabilities—has increased enormously, transformationally. The measurement and management of “risk” has become a major concern of all financial institutions and their regulators, especially since the collapse of Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) in 1998. At the same time, proposals to privatize Social Security and, more generally, to rely on “risk-managed” financial markets for economic security find their theoretical rationalization in the teachings of “modern” finance. And yet, as Rumsfeld and Meredith assert in their very different ways, there is another category of the world’s possible outcomes that lies beyond the reach of modern, market-based, risk management techniques.

More than eighty years ago, Frank Knight set out to parse the difference between risk and uncertainty and the significance of that difference. In Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Knight distinguished between three different types of probability, which he termed: “a priori probability”; “statistical probability” and “estimates”. The first type “is on the same logical plane as the propositions of mathematics”; the canonical example is the odds of rolling any number on a die. “Statistical probability” depends upon the “empirical evaluation of the frequency of association between predicates” and on “the empirical classification of instances”. When “there is no valid basis of any kind for classifying instances”, only “estimates” can be made.1 In contemporary Bayesian parlance, in the first case, the probability distribution of the prior and all its moments are known definitionally; in the second case they are specified by statistical analysis of well-defined empirical data; in the third case such data as exists do not lend themselves to statistical analysis. (more…)

April 2, 2009

Hayek and Market Socialism: Science, Ideology, and Public Policy

Filed under: In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 10:26 pm

 

mises

from http://mises.org/story/1661

Mises Daily by 

The Hayek Memorial Lecture, London School of Economics, presented in cooperation with the Mises Institute, October 19, 2004. Also available in pdf.

Introduction 

It is a great honor for me to have this opportunity to speak at this great institution of economic education and research,[1] and on this occasion to honor F.A. Hayek—a scholar who I admire greatly as a man of keen intellect and courage. Hayek’s scholarly career spanned from the 1920s to the 1980s, and he had appointments at several universities, but the LSE was the school where he taught at for the longest period, and where his own ideas took shape. I want to thank the staff at LSE for coordinating my visit, Professor Tim Besley for being a gracious and welcoming host, and Mr. Toby Baxendale for his respect for the ideas of the LSE tradition ofCannan, Robbins, Plant, Hayek, Coase and P.T. Bauer, and for his vision of how these ideas can be revitalized and advanced at this great institution of higher learning to both improve our understanding and realize a freer and more economically prosperous state of affairs in Britain and abroad.

I have chosen as my topic “Hayek and Market Socialism,” and I have done so for a variety of reasons:

  • It is in this debate that Hayek’s research program in philosophy, politics, and economics emerged;
  • Hayek’s main contributions to this controversy were written while he was here at the LSE;
  • The topic is not an example of ‘beating a dead horse’ because the subtlety of Hayek’s argument is not fully appreciated and its relevance to contemporary debates in public policy is not generally recognized.

In the interest of being completely frank, I should add that I also recently had occasion to revisit this episode in Hayek’s career for a series of professional publication opportunities.[2]

The basic argument of my talk will proceed as follows:

  • Hayek’s critique of socialism was grounded in his scientific understanding of economics.
  • Hayek’s ideological commitment to liberalism was a consequence of his science, and not the other way around.
  • Hayek’s position in this debate had direct policy relevance during his life, and it still has lasting relevance today for public policy. We must resist the general consensus that appreciates Hayek as an ideological icon, rather than as the source for a series of scientific propositions. It is my contention that if Hayek’s scientific contribution were understood, then economics as a discipline would be transformed in both its theoretical and empirical orientation. (more…)

章诒和: 卧底

Filed under: in Chinese, reading, 中文 — Rui Guo @ 4:53 pm

 

章诒和: 卧底

 

谁能相信,自父亲戴上右派帽子以后,我家里就有了个卧底。他就是翻译家、出版家冯亦代,人称“好人冯二哥”。

我觉得自己经历了许多事,心已变硬,情也冷去。不想“卧底”的事如滔天巨浪,将我击倒在地。一连数日,泪流不止,大汗不止。文史专家、学者朱正先生告诉我:情况确凿,证据就是冯亦代在生前以极大勇气出版的《悔余日录》(河南人民,2000;下引本书只注日期和页码)。读后,全身瘫软,一张报纸都举它不起。因为他的这个“角色”,与章家两代人交往的深情厚谊以及那笑脸后面的一片慈祥,在我是无论如何也联系不上。可证据就摆在那里 ,你不信也得信,你无法接受也要接受。难道伤天害理之灾,裂骨锥心之痛,就是我的命运?

 

1958:进了章家大门

 

冯亦代是母亲(李健生)在民盟北京市委一起共事的朋友,与父亲并无往来。反右刚结束,大概是1958年的春季,在民盟市委的一次学习会上,母亲见他一个人呆在旮旯儿,无人理睬,很可怜。散会后,二人一前一后走出西四羊肉胡同。母亲快步靠近他,问:“亦代,你好吗?”

冯亦代说:“李大姐,我能好到哪里去呢?” (more…)

April 1, 2009

Treasury’s Rules of the Road for Regulatory Reform

Filed under: In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 3:22 pm

Davis Polk & Wardwell’s recent memorandum, entitled “Treasury’s Rules of the Road for Regulatory Reform,” describes Treasury’s framework for regulatory reform, focusing on the comparatively more detailed proposals for addressing systemic risk, and sets forth some of the issues the government and the private sector may consider as the details are hammered out.

 http://www.dpw.com/1485409/clientmemos/2…

March 26, 2009

Cass R. Sunstein, The Enlarged Republic—Then and Now

Filed under: In English, reading — Rui Guo @ 2:14 am

 

NY Books, Volume 56, Number 5 · March 26, 2009

The Enlarged Republic—Then and Now

 

By Cass R. Sunstein

1.

 

To many modern readers, the Federalist Papers seem formal, musty, old, and a bit tired—a little like a national holiday that celebrates events long past but lacks any sense of struggle and excitement, or even a clear message. But under stringent time pressure, starting in October 1787, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, writing under the name of “Publius,” produced the best historical record, by far, of the uniquely American contribution to political thought and practice.

 

It is important to see that their arguments were a product of a concrete historical drama, involving the fate of an emerging nation that was having an exceedingly difficult time governing itself. But Publius’s claims bear not only on American debates of the eighteenth century, but also on those of the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first. They offer lessons for making war and making peace, and for domestic crises of many different kinds. Indeed, they provide guidance for constitutional democracies elsewhere, not least when peace and prosperity are endangered.

(more…)

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